Aripiprazole Otsuka is indicated for maintenance treatment of schizophrenia in adult patients stabilised with oral aripiprazole.

Posology

For patients who have never taken aripiprazole, tolerability with oral aripiprazole must occur prior to initiating treatment with Aripiprazole Otsuka.

Titration of the dose for Aripiprazole Otsuka is not required.

The starting dose can be administered by following one of two regimens:

• One injection start: On the day of initiation, one injection of Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg should be administered and treatment with 10 mg to 20 mg oral aripiprazole per day for 14 consecutive days should be continued to maintain therapeutic aripiprazole concentrations during initiation of therapy.

• Two injection start: On the day of initiation, two separate injections of Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg should be administered at two different injection sites (see method of administration), along with one 20 mg dose of oral aripiprazole.

After the injection start, the recommended maintenance dose of Aripiprazole Otsuka is 400 mg. Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg should be administered once monthly as a single injection (no sooner than 26 days after the previous injection). If there are adverse reactions with the 400 mg dose, reduction of the dose to 300 mg once monthly should be considered.

Missed doses

Special populations

Elderly

The safety and efficacy of Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg in the treatment of schizophrenia in patients 65 years of age or older has not been established (see section 4.4).

Renal impairment

No dose adjustment is required for patients with renal impairment (see section 5.2).

Hepatic impairment

No dose adjustment is required for patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. In patients with severe hepatic impairment, the data available are insufficient to establish recommendations. In these patients dosing should be managed cautiously. Oral formulation should be preferred (see section 5.2).

Known CYP2D6 poor metabolisers

In patients who are known to be CYP2D6 poor metabolisers:

• One injection start: The starting dose should be Aripiprazole Otsuka 300 mg and treatment should be continued with the prescribed dose of oral aripiprazole per day for 14 consecutive days. The maintenance dose should be Aripiprazole Otsuka 300 mg once monthly.

• Two injection start: The starting dose should be 2 separate injections of Aripiprazole Otsuka 300 mg (see method of administration) along with one single dose of the previous prescribed dose of oral aripiprazole. The maintenance dose should be Aripiprazole Otsuka 300 mg once monthly.

In patients who are known to be CYP2D6 poor metabolisers and concomitantly use a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor:

• One injection start: The starting dose should be reduced to 200 mg (see section 4.5) and treatment should be continued with the prescribed dose of oral aripiprazole per day for 14 consecutive days.

• Two injection start is not to be used in patients who are known to be CYP2D6 poor metabolisers and concomitantly use a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.

After the injection start, see table below for the recommended maintenance dose of Aripiprazole Otsuka. Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg and 300 mg should be administered once monthly as a single injection (no sooner than 26 days after the previous injection).

Maintenance dose adjustments due to interactions with CYP2D6 and/or CYP3A4 inhibitors and/or CYP3A4 inducers

Maintenance dose adjustments should be made in patients taking concomitant strong CYP3A4 inhibitors or strong CYP2D6 inhibitors for more than 14 days. If the CYP3A4 inhibitor or CYP2D6 inhibitor is withdrawn, the dose may need to be increased to the previous dose (see section 4.5). In case of adverse reactions despite dose adjustments of Aripiprazole Otsuka, the necessity of concomitant use of CYP2D6 or CYP3A4 inhibitor should be reassessed.

Concomitant use of CYP3A4 inducers with Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg or 300 mg should be avoided for more than 14 days because the blood levels of aripiprazole are decreased and may be below the effective levels (see section 4.5).

Maintenance dose adjustments of Aripiprazole Otsuka in patients who are taking concomitant strong CYP2D6 inhibitors, strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, and/or CYP3A4 inducers for more than 14 days

* 200 mg and 160 mg can be achieved via adjustment of the injection volume only by using Aripiprazole Otsuka powder and solvent for prolonged-release suspension for injection.

Paediatric population

The safety and efficacy of Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg in children and adolescents aged 0 to 17 years have not been established. No data are available.

Method of administration

Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg and 300 mg is only intended for intramuscular use and must not be administered intravenously or subcutaneously. It should only be administered by a healthcare professional.

The suspension must be injected slowly as a single injection (doses must not be divided) into the gluteal or deltoid muscle. Care should be taken to avoid inadvertent injection into a blood vessel.

If initiating with the two injection start, inject into two different sites in two different muscles. DO NOT inject both injections concomitantly into the same deltoid or gluteal muscle. For known CYP2D6 poor metabolisers administer in either two separate deltoid muscles or one deltoid and one gluteal muscle. DO NOT inject into two gluteal muscles.

Full instructions for use and handling of Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg and 300 mg are provided in the package leaflet (information intended for healthcare professionals).

For instructions on reconstitution of the medicinal product before administration, see section 6.6.

Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.

During antipsychotic treatment, improvement in the patient's clinical condition may take several days to some weeks. Patients should be closely monitored throughout this period.

Use in patients who are in an acutely agitated or severely psychotic state

Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg should not be used to manage acutely agitated or severely psychotic states when immediate symptom control is warranted.

Suicidality

The occurrence of suicidal behaviour is inherent in psychotic illnesses, and in some cases has been reported early after initiation or switch of antipsychotic treatment, including treatment with aripiprazole (see section 4.8). Close supervision of high risk patients should accompany antipsychotic treatment.

Cardiovascular disorders

Aripiprazole should be used with caution in patients with known cardiovascular disease (history of myocardial infarction or ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, or conduction abnormalities), cerebrovascular disease, conditions which would predispose patients to hypotension (dehydration, hypovolemia, and treatment with antihypertensive medicinal products) or hypertension, including accelerated or malignant. Cases of venous thromboembolism (VTE) have been reported with antipsychotic medicinal products. Since patients treated with antipsychotics often present with acquired risk factors for VTE, all possible risk factors for VTE should be identified before and during treatment with aripiprazole and preventive measures undertaken (see section 4.8).

QT prolongation

In clinical trials of treatment with oral aripiprazole, the incidence of QT prolongation was comparable to placebo. Aripiprazole should be used with caution in patients with a family history of QT prolongation (see section 4.8).

Tardive dyskinesia

In clinical trials of one year or less duration, there were uncommon reports of treatment emergent dyskinesia during treatment with aripiprazole. If signs and symptoms of tardive dyskinesia appear in a patient on aripiprazole, dose reduction or discontinuation should be considered (see section 4.8).

These symptoms can temporally deteriorate or can even arise after discontinuation of treatment.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)

NMS is a potentially fatal symptom complex associated with antipsychotics. In clinical trials, rare cases of NMS were reported during treatment with aripiprazole. Clinical manifestations of NMS are hyperpyrexia, muscle rigidity, altered mental status and evidence of autonomic instability (irregular pulse or blood pressure, tachycardia, diaphoresis and cardiac dysrhythmia). Additional signs may include elevated creatine phosphokinase, myoglobinuria (rhabdomyolysis), and acute renal failure. However, elevated creatine phosphokinase and rhabdomyolysis, not necessarily in association with NMS, have also been reported. If a patient develops signs and symptoms indicative of NMS, or presents with unexplained high fever without additional clinical manifestations of NMS, all antipsychotics, including aripiprazole, must be discontinued (see section 4.8).

Seizure

In clinical trials, uncommon cases of seizure were reported during treatment with aripiprazole. Therefore, aripiprazole should be used with caution in patients who have a history of seizure disorder or have conditions associated with seizures (see section 4.8).

Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis

Increased mortality

In three placebo-controlled trials of oral aripiprazole in elderly patients with psychosis associated with Alzheimer's disease (n = 938; mean age: 82.4 years; range: 56 to 99 years), patients treated with aripiprazole were at an increased risk of death compared to placebo. The rate of death in oral aripiprazole-treated patients was 3.5 % compared to 1.7 % in placebo. Although the causes of deaths were varied, most of the deaths appeared to be either cardiovascular (e.g. heart failure, sudden death) or infectious (e.g. pneumonia) in nature (see section 4.8).

Cerebrovascular adverse reactions

In the same trials with oral aripiprazole, cerebrovascular adverse reactions (e.g., stroke, transient ischaemic attack), including fatalities, were reported in patients (mean age: 84 years; range: 78 to 88 years). Overall, 1.3 % of oral aripiprazole-treated patients reported cerebrovascular adverse reactions compared with 0.6 % of placebo-treated patients in these trials. This difference was not statistically significant. However, in one of these trials, a fixed-dose trial, there was a significant dose-response relationship for cerebrovascular adverse reactions in patients treated with aripiprazole (see section 4.8).

Aripiprazole is not indicated for the treatment of patients with dementia-related psychosis.

Hyperglycaemia and diabetes mellitus

Hyperglycaemia, in some cases extreme and associated with ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar coma or death, has been reported in patients treated with aripiprazole. Risk factors that may predispose patients to severe complications include obesity and family history of diabetes. Patients treated with aripiprazole should be observed for signs and symptoms of hyperglycaemia (such as polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia and weakness) and patients with diabetes mellitus or with risk factors for diabetes mellitus should be monitored regularly for worsening of glucose control (see section 4.8).

Hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity reactions, characterised by allergic symptoms, may occur with aripiprazole (see section 4.8).

Weight gain

Weight gain is commonly seen in schizophrenic patients due to use of antipsychotics known to cause weight gain, co-morbidities, poorly managed life-style and might lead to severe complications.

Weight gain has been reported post-marketing among patients prescribed oral aripiprazole. When seen, it is usually in those with significant risk factors such as history of diabetes, thyroid disorder or pituitary adenoma. In clinical trials aripiprazole has not been shown to induce clinically relevant weight gain (see section 4.8).

Dysphagia

Oesophageal dysmotility and aspiration have been associated with the use of aripiprazole. Aripiprazole should be used cautiously in patients at risk for aspiration pneumonia.

Gambling disorder and other impulse control disorders

Patients can experience increased urges, particularly for gambling, and the inability to control these urges while taking aripiprazole. Other urges, reported, include: increased sexual urges, compulsive shopping, binge or compulsive eating, and other impulsive and compulsive behaviours. It is important for prescribers to ask patients or their caregivers specifically about the development of new or increased gambling urges, sexual urges, compulsive shopping, binge or compulsive eating, or other urges while being treated with aripiprazole. It should be noted that impulse-control symptoms can be associated with the underlying disorder; however, in some cases, urges were reported to have stopped when the dose was reduced or the medicinal product was discontinued. Impulse control disorders may result in harm to the patient and others if not recognised. A dose reduction or stopping of the medicinal product should be considered if a patient develops such urges (see section 4.8).

Falls

Aripiprazole may cause somnolence, postural hypotension, motor and sensory instability, which may lead to falls. Caution should be taken when treating patients at higher risk, and a lower starting dose should be considered (e.g., elderly or debilitated patients; see section 4.2).

Sodium

This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per dose, that is to say essentially 'sodium-free'.

No interaction studies have been performed with Aripiprazole Otsuka. The information below is obtained from studies with oral aripiprazole.

Due to its α 1-adrenergic receptor antagonism, aripiprazole has the potential to enhance the effect of certain antihypertensive medicinal products.

Given the primary central nervous system (CNS) effects of aripiprazole, caution should be used when aripiprazole is administered in combination with alcohol or other CNS medicinal products with overlapping adverse reactions such as sedation (see section 4.8).

If aripiprazole is administered concomitantly with medicinal products known to cause QT prolongation or electrolyte imbalance, caution should be used.

Potential for other medicinal products to affect aripiprazole

Quinidine and other strong CYP2D6 inhibitors

In a clinical trial of oral aripiprazole in healthy subjects, a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6 (quinidine) increased aripiprazole AUC by 107 %, while C_max was unchanged. The AUC and C_max of dehydro- aripiprazole, the active metabolite, decreased by 32 % and 47 %, respectively. Other strong inhibitors of CYP2D6, such as fluoxetine and paroxetine, may be expected to have similar effects and similar dose reduction should, therefore, be applied (see section 4.2).

Ketoconazole and other strong CYP3A4 inhibitors

In a clinical trial of oral aripiprazole in healthy subjects, a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 (ketoconazole) increased aripiprazole AUC and C_max by 63 % and 37 %, respectively. The AUC and C_max of dehydro- aripiprazole increased by 77 % and 43 %, respectively. In CYP2D6 poor metabolisers, concomitant use of strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 may result in higher plasma concentrations of aripiprazole compared to that in CYP2D6 extensive metabolisers (see section 4.2). When considering concomitant administration of ketoconazole or other strong CYP3A4 inhibitors with aripiprazole, potential benefits should outweigh the potential risks to the patient. Other strong inhibitors of CYP3A4, such as itraconazole and HIV protease inhibitors may be expected to have similar effects and similar dose reductions should, therefore, be applied (see section 4.2). Upon discontinuation of the CYP2D6 or CYP3A4 inhibitor, the dose of aripiprazole should be increased to the dose prior to the initiation of the concomitant therapy. When weak inhibitors of CYP3A4 (e.g. diltiazem) or CYP2D6 (e.g. escitalopram) are used concomitantly with aripiprazole, modest increases in plasma aripiprazole concentrations may be expected.

Carbamazepine and other CYP3A4 inducers

Following concomitant administration of carbamazepine, a strong inducer of CYP3A4, and oral aripiprazole to patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, the geometric means of C_max and AUC for aripiprazole were 68 % and 73 % lower, respectively, compared to when oral aripiprazole (30 mg) was administered alone. Similarly, for dehydro-aripiprazole the geometric means of C_max and AUC after carbamazepine co-administration were 69 % and 71 % lower, respectively, than those following treatment with oral aripiprazole alone. Concomitant administration of Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg and other inducers of CYP3A4 (such as rifampicin, rifabutin, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, efavirenz, nevirapine and St. John's Wort) may be expected to have similar effects. The concomitant use of CYP3A4 inducers with Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg should be avoided because the blood levels of aripiprazole are decreased and may be below the effective levels.

Serotonin syndrome

Cases of serotonin syndrome have been reported in patients taking aripiprazole, and possible signs and symptoms for this condition can occur especially in cases of concomitant use with other serotonergic medicinal products, such as Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/Serotonin Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI/SNRI), or with medicinal products that are known to increase aripiprazole concentrations (see section 4.8).

Women of childbearing potential

Plasma exposure to aripiprazole after a single dose of Aripiprazole Otsuka is expected to remain for up to 34 weeks (see section 5.2). This should be taken into account when initiating treatment in women of childbearing potential, considering a possible future pregnancy or breast-feeding.

Aripiprazole Otsuka should only be used in women planning to become pregnant if clearly necessary.

Pregnancy

There are no adequate and well-controlled trials of aripiprazole in pregnant women. Congenital anomalies have been reported; however, causal relationship with aripiprazole could not be established. Animal studies could not exclude potential developmental toxicity (see section 5.3). Patients must be advised to notify their physician if they become pregnant or intend to become pregnant during treatment with aripiprazole..

Prescribers need to be aware of the long-acting properties of Aripiprazole Otsuka. Aripiprazole has been detected in plasma in adult patients up to 34 weeks after a single-dose administration of the prolonged-release suspension.

New-born infants exposed to antipsychotics (including aripiprazole) during the third trimester of pregnancy are at risk of adverse reactions including extrapyramidal and/or withdrawal symptoms that may vary in severity and duration following delivery. There have been reports of agitation, hypertonia, hypotonia, tremor, somnolence, respiratory distress, or feeding disorder. Consequently, new-born infants should be monitored carefully (see section 4.8).

Maternal exposure to Aripiprazole Otsuka before and during pregnancy may lead to adverse reactions in the newborn child. Aripiprazole Otsuka should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary.

Breast-feeding

Aripiprazole/metabolites are excreted in the breast milk to such an extent that effects on the breast-fed infant are likely if Aripiprazole Otsuka is administered to breast-feeding women. Since a single dose of Aripiprazole Otsuka is expected to remain for up to 34 weeks in plasma (see section 5.2), breast- fed infants may be at risk even from Aripiprazole Otsuka administration long before breast-feeding.

Patients currently under treatment or who have been treated in the past 34 weeks with Aripiprazole Otsuka should not breast feed.

Fertility

Aripiprazole did not impair fertility based on data from reproductive toxicity studies with aripiprazole.

Aripiprazole has minor to moderate influence on the ability to drive and use machines due to potential nervous system and visual effects, such as sedation, somnolence, syncope, vision blurred, diplopia (see section 4.8).

Summary of the safety profile

The most frequently observed adverse drug reactions (ADRs) reported in ≥ 5 % of patients in two double-blind, long-term trials of Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg were weight increased (9.0 %), akathisia (7.9 %), insomnia (5.8 %) and injection site pain (5.1 %).

Tabulated list of adverse reactions

The incidences of the ADRs associated with aripiprazole therapy are tabulated below. The table is based on adverse reactions reported during clinical trials and/or post-marketing use.

All ADRs are listed by system organ class and frequency; very common (≥ 1/10), common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10), uncommon (≥ 1/1 000 to < 1/100), rare (≥ 1/10 000 to < 1/1 000), very rare (< 1/10 000) and not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.

The ADRs listed under the frequency “ not known” were reported during post-marketing use.

Description of selected adverse reactions

Injection site reactions

During the double-blind, controlled phases of the two long-term trials, injection site reactions were observed; those seen were generally mild to moderate in severity, and resolved over time. Injection site pain (incidence 5.1 %), had a median onset on day 2 after the injection and a median duration of 4 days.

In an open-label study comparing bioavailability of Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg administered in the deltoid or gluteal muscle, injection site related reactions were slightly more frequent in the deltoid muscle. The majority were mild and improved on subsequent injections. When compared to studies where Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg was injected in the gluteal muscle, repeated occurrence of injection site pain was more frequent in the deltoid muscle.

Neutropenia

Neutropenia has been reported in the clinical program with Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg and typically started around day 16 after first injection, and lasted a median of 18 days.

Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS)

In trials in stable patients with schizophrenia, Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg was associated with a higher frequency of EPS symptoms (18.4 %) than oral aripiprazole treatment (11.7 %).

Akathisia was the most frequently observed symptom (8.2 %) and typically started around day 10 after first injection, and lasted a median of 56 days. Subjects with akathisia typically received anti- cholinergic medicines as treatment, primarily benzatropine mesilate and trihexyphenidyl. Less often substances such as propranolol and benzodiazepines (clonazepam and diazepam) were administered to control akathisia. Parkinsonism events followed in frequency of 6.9 % for Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg, 4.15 % for oral aripiprazole 10 mg to 30 mg tablets and 3.0 % for placebo, respectively.

Dystonia

Class effect: Symptoms of dystonia, prolonged abnormal contractions of muscle groups, may occur in susceptible individuals during the first few days of treatment. Dystonic symptoms include spasm of the neck muscles, sometimes progressing to tightness of the throat, swallowing difficulty, difficulty breathing, and/or protrusion of the tongue. While these symptoms can occur at low doses, they occur more frequently and with greater severity with high potency and at higher doses of first generation antipsychotic medicinal products. An elevated risk of acute dystonia is observed in males and younger age groups.

Weight

During the double-blind, active-controlled phase of the 38-week long-term trial (see section 5.1), the incidence of weight gain of ≥ 7 % from baseline to last visit was 9.5 % for Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg and 11.7 % for the oral aripiprazole tablets 10 mg to 30 mg. The incidence of weight loss of ≥ 7 % from baseline to last visit was 10.2 % for Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg and 4.5 % for oral aripiprazole tablets 10 mg to 30 mg. During the double-blind, placebo-controlled phase of the 52-week long-term trial (see section 5.1), the incidence of weight gain of ≥ 7 % from baseline to last visit was 6.4 % for Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg and 5.2 % for placebo. The incidence of weight loss of ≥ 7 % from baseline to last visit was 6.4 % for Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg and 6.7 % for placebo. During double-blind treatment, mean change in body weight from baseline to last visit was − 0.2 kg for Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg and − 0.4 kg for placebo (p = 0.812).

Prolactin

In clinical trials for the approved indications and post-marketing, both increase and decrease in serum prolactin as compared to baseline was observed with aripiprazole (section 5.1).

Gambling disorder and other impulse control disorders

Gambling disorder, hypersexuality, compulsive shopping and binge or compulsive eating can occur in patients treated with aripiprazole (see section 4.4).

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

No cases of overdose associated with adverse reactions were reported in clinical studies with aripiprazole. Care must be taken to avoid inadvertent injection of this medicinal product into a blood vessel. Following any confirmed or suspected accidental overdose/inadvertent intravenous administration, close observation of the patient is needed and if any potentially medically serious sign or symptom develops, monitoring, which should include continuous electrocardiographic monitoring, is required. The medical supervision and monitoring should continue until the patient recovers.

A simulation of dose dumping showed that the predicted median aripiprazole concentration reaches a peak of 4 500 ng/mL or approximately 9-times the upper therapeutic range. In case of dose dumping, aripiprazole concentrations are predicted to descend rapidly to the upper limit of the therapeutic window after approximately 3 days. By the 7th day, the median aripiprazole concentrations further decline to concentrations following an IM depot dose with no dose dumping. While overdose is less likely with parenteral than oral medicinal products, reference information for oral aripiprazole overdose is presented below.

Signs and symptoms

In clinical trials and post-marketing experience, accidental or intentional acute overdose of aripiprazole alone was identified in adult patients with reported estimated doses up to 1 260 mg (41- times highest recommended daily aripiprazole dose) with no fatalities. The potentially medically important signs and symptoms observed included lethargy, increased blood pressure, somnolence, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. In addition, reports of accidental overdose with aripiprazole alone (up to 195 mg) in children have been received with no fatalities. The potentially medically serious signs and symptoms reported included somnolence, transient loss of consciousness and extrapyramidal symptoms.

Management of overdose

Management of overdose should concentrate on supportive therapy, maintaining an adequate airway, oxygenation and ventilation, and management of symptoms. The possibility of multiple medicinal product involvement should be considered. Therefore, cardiovascular monitoring should be started immediately and should include continuous electrocardiographic monitoring to detect possible arrhythmias. Following any confirmed or suspected overdose with aripiprazole, close medical supervision and monitoring should continue until the patient recovers.

Haemodialysis

Although there is no information on the effect of haemodialysis in treating an overdose with aripiprazole, haemodialysis is unlikely to be useful in overdose management since aripiprazole is highly bound to plasma proteins.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Psycholeptics, other antipsychotics, ATC code: N05AX12

Mechanism of action

It has been proposed that aripiprazole's efficacy in schizophrenia is mediated through a combination of partial agonism at dopamine D₂ and serotonin 5-HT_1A receptors and antagonism at serotonin 5- HT_2A receptors. Aripiprazole exhibited antagonist properties in animal models of dopaminergic hyperactivity and agonist properties of dopaminergic hypoactivity. Aripiprazole exhibits high binding affinity in vitro for dopamine D₂ and D₃, serotonin 5-HT_1A and 5-HT_2A receptors and has moderate affinity for dopamine D₄, serotonin 5-HT_2C and 5-HT₇, alpha-1 adrenergic, and histamine H₁ receptors. Aripiprazole also exhibited moderate binding affinity for the serotonin reuptake site and no appreciable affinity for cholinergic muscarinic receptors. Interaction with receptors other than dopamine and serotonin subtypes may explain some of the other clinical effects of aripiprazole.

Aripiprazole oral doses ranging from 0.5 mg to 30 mg administered once a day to healthy subjects for 2 weeks produced a dose-dependent reduction in the binding of ¹¹C-raclopride, a D₂/D₃ receptor ligand, to the caudate and putamen detected by positron emission tomography.

Clinical efficacy and safety

Maintenance treatment of schizophrenia in adults

Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg

The efficacy of Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg in the maintenance treatment of patients with schizophrenia was established in two randomised, double-blind, long-term trials.

The pivotal trial was a 38 week, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled trial designed to establish the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of this medicinal product administered as monthly injections compared to once daily oral aripiprazole tablets 10 mg to 30 mg as maintenance treatment in adult patients with schizophrenia. This trial consisted of a screening phase and 3 treatment phases: Conversion phase, oral stabilisation phase, and double-blind, active-controlled phase.

Six-hundred and sixty two patients eligible for the 38-week double-blind, active-controlled phase were randomly assigned in a 2:2:1 ratio to double-blind treatment to one of 3 treatment groups: 1) Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg 2) the stabilisation dose of oral aripiprazole 10 mg to 30 mg, or 3) aripiprazole long-acting injectable 50 mg/25 mg. The aripiprazole long-acting injectable 50 mg/25 mg dose was included as a low dose aripiprazole to test assay sensitivity for the non- inferiority design.

The results of analysis of the primary efficacy endpoint, the estimated proportion of patients experiencing impending relapse by end of week 26 of the double-blind, active-controlled phase, showed that Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg is non-inferior to aripiprazole oral tablets 10 mg to 30 mg.

The estimated relapse rate by end of week 26 was 7.12 % for Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg, and 7.76 % for oral aripiprazole tablets 10 mg to 30 mg, a difference of − 0.64 %.

The 95 % CI (− 5.26, 3.99) for the difference in the estimated proportion of patients experiencing impending relapse by end of week 26 excluded the predefined non-inferiority margin, 11.5 %.

Therefore, Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg is non-inferior to aripiprazole oral tablets 10 mg to 30 mg.

The estimated proportion of patients experiencing impending relapse by end of week 26 for Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg was 7.12 %, which was statistically significantly lower than in aripiprazole long-acting injectable 50 mg/25 mg (21.80 %; p = 0.0006). Thus, superiority of Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg over the aripiprazole long-acting injectable 50 mg/25 mg was established and the validity of the trial design was confirmed.

The Kaplan-Meier curves of the time from randomisation to impending relapse during the 38-week, double-blind, active-controlled phase for Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg, oral aripiprazole 10 mg to 30 mg, and aripiprazole long-acting injectable 50 mg/25 mg are shown in figure 1.

Figure 1 Kaplan-Meier product limit plot for time to exacerbation of psychotic symptoms/impending relapse

NOTE: ARIP IMD 400/300 mg = Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg;ARIP 10 mg to 30 mg = oral aripiprazole;

ARIP IMD 50/25 mg = Aripiprazole long-acting injectable

Further, the non-inferiority of Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg compared to oral aripiprazole 10 mg to 30 mg is supported by the results of the analysis of the positive and negative syndrome scale score (PANSS).

Table 1 PANSS total score – change from baseline to week 38-LOCF: randomised efficacy sample^{a, b}

a: Negative change in score indicates improvement.

b: Only patients having both baseline and at least one post baseline were included. P-values were derived from comparison for change from baseline within analysis of covariance model with treatment as term and baseline as covariate.

The second trial was a 52-week, randomised, withdrawal, double-blind, trial conducted in US adult patients with a current diagnosis of schizophrenia. This trial consisted of a screening phase and 4 treatment phases: Conversion, oral stabilisation, Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg stabilisation, and double-blind placebo-controlled. Patients fulfilling the oral stabilisation requirement in the oral stabilisation phase were assigned to receive, in a single-blind fashion, Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg and began an Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg stabilisation phase for a minimum of 12 weeks and a maximum of 36 weeks. Patients eligible for the double-blind, placebo-controlled phase were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to double-blind treatment with Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg or placebo, respectively.

The final efficacy analysis included 403 randomised patients and 80 exacerbations of psychotic symptoms/impending relapse events. In the placebo group 39.6 % of the patients had progressed to impending relapse, whilst in the Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg group impending relapse occurred in 10 % of the patients; thus patients in the placebo group had a 5.03-fold greater risk of experiencing impending relapse.

Prolactin

In the double-blind, active-controlled phase of the 38-week trial, from baseline to last visit there was a mean decrease in prolactin levels in Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg (− 0.33 ng/mL) compared with a mean increase in oral aripiprazole tablets 10 mg to 30 mg (0.79 ng/mL; p < 0.01). The incidence of Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg patients with prolactin levels > 1 time the upper limit of normal range (ULN) at any assessment was 5.4 % compared with 3.5 % of the patients on oral aripiprazole tablets 10 mg to 30 mg.

Male patients generally had a higher incidence than female patients in each treatment group.

In the double-blind placebo-controlled phase of the 52-week trial, from baseline to last visit there was a mean decrease in prolactin levels in Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg (− 0.38 ng/mL) compared with a mean increase in placebo (1.67 ng/mL). The incidences of Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg patients with prolactin levels > 1 time the ULN was 1.9 % compared to 7.1 % for placebo patients.

Acute treatment of schizophrenia in adults

The efficacy of Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg in acutely relapsed adult patients with schizophrenia was established in a short-term (12-week), randomised, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial (n = 339).

The primary endpoint (change in PANSS total score from baseline to week 10) showed superiority of Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg (n = 167) over placebo (n = 172).

Similar to the PANSS total score, both the PANSS positive and negative subscale scores also showed an improvement (decrease) from baseline over time.

Table 2 PANSS total score – change from baseline to week 10: randomised efficacy sample

^a Data were analysed using a mixed model repeated measures (MMRM) approach. The analysis included only subjects who were randomly assigned to treatment, given at least one injection, had baseline and at least one post-baseline efficacy assessment.

^b Difference (Aripiprazole Otsuka minus placebo) in least squares mean change from baseline.

Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg also showed statistically significant improvement in symptoms represented by Clinical Global Impressions Severity, CGI-S (CGI-S) score change from baseline to week 10.

Personal and social functioning were evaluated using the Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scale. The PSP is a validated clinician-rated scale that measures personal and social functioning in four domains: socially useful activities (e.g. work and study), personal and social relationships, self- care, and disturbing and aggressive behaviours. There was a statistically significant treatment difference in favour of Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg compared to placebo at week 10 (+7.1, p < 0.0001, 95 % CI: 4.1, 10.1 using an ANCOVA model (LOCF)).

The safety profile was consistent with that known to Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg. Nevertheless, there were differences from what has been observed with maintenance use in the treatment of schizophrenia. In a short-term (12-week), randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg treated subjects the symptoms which had at least twice the incidence of placebo were increased weight and akathisia. The incidence of weight gain of ≥ 7 % from baseline to last visit (week 12) was 21.5 % for Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg compared with the placebo group 8.5 %. Akathisia was the most frequently observed EPS symptom (Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg 11.4 % and placebo group 3.5 %).

Paediatric population

The European Medicines Agency has waived the obligation to submit the results of studies with Aripiprazole Otsuka in all subsets of the paediatric population in schizophrenia (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use).

Absorption

Aripiprazole absorption into the systemic circulation is slow and prolonged following Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg administration due to low solubility of aripiprazole particles. The average absorption half-life of Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg is 28 days. Absorption of aripiprazole from the IM depot formulation was complete relative to the IM standard (immediate-release) formulation. The dose adjusted C_max values for the depot formulation were approximately 5 % of C_max from IM standard formulation. Following a single dose administration of Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg in the deltoid and gluteal muscle, the extent of absorption (AUC) was similar for both injection sites, but the rate of absorption (C_max) was higher following administration to the deltoid muscle. Following multiple intramuscular doses, the plasma concentrations of aripiprazole gradually rise to a maximum plasma concentration at a median t_max of 7 days for the gluteal muscle and 4 days for the deltoid muscle. Steady state concentrations for the typical subject were attained by the fourth dose for both sites of administration. Less than dose-proportional increases in aripiprazole and dehydro-aripiprazole concentrations and AUC parameters are observed after monthly Aripiprazole Otsuka injections of 300 mg to 400 mg.

Distribution

Based on results from trials with oral administration of aripiprazole, aripiprazole is widely distributed throughout the body with an apparent volume of distribution of 4.9 L/kg, indicating extensive extravascular distribution. At therapeutic concentrations, aripiprazole and dehydro-aripiprazole are greater than 99 % bound to serum proteins, binding primarily to albumin.

Biotransformation

Aripiprazole is extensively metabolised by the liver primarily by three biotransformation pathways: dehydrogenation, hydroxylation, and N-dealkylation. Based on in vitro studies, CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 enzymes are responsible for dehydrogenation and hydroxylation of aripiprazole, and N- dealkylation is catalysed by CYP3A4. Aripiprazole is the predominant medicinal product moiety in systemic circulation. After multiple dose administration of Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg, dehydro-aripiprazole, the active metabolite, represents about 29.1 % to 32.5 % of aripiprazole AUC in plasma.

Elimination

After administration of multiple dose of Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg, the mean aripiprazole terminal elimination half-life is respectively 46.5 and 29.9 days presumably due to absorption rate- limited kinetics. Following a single oral dose of [¹⁴C]-labelled aripiprazole, approximately 27 % of the administered radioactivity was recovered in the urine and approximately 60 % in the faeces. Less than 1 % of unchanged aripiprazole was excreted in the urine and approximately 18 % was recovered unchanged in the faeces.

Pharmacokinetics in special patient groups

CYP2D6 poor metabolisers

Based on population pharmacokinetic evaluation of Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg, the total body clearance of aripiprazole was 3.71 L/h in normal metabolisers of CYP2D6 and approximately 1.88 L/h (approximately 50 % lower) in poor metabolisers of CYP2D6 (for dose recommendation, see section 4.2).

Elderly

After oral administration of aripiprazole, there are no differences in the pharmacokinetics of aripiprazole between healthy elderly and younger adult subjects. Similarly, there was no detectable effect of age in a population pharmacokinetic analysis of Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg in schizophrenia patients.

Gender

After oral administration of aripiprazole, there are no differences in the pharmacokinetics of aripiprazole between healthy male and female subjects. Similarly, there was no clinically relevant effect of gender in a population pharmacokinetic analysis of Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg in clinical trials in patients with schizophrenia.

Smoking

Population pharmacokinetic evaluation of oral aripiprazole has revealed no evidence of clinically relevant effects from smoking on the pharmacokinetics of aripiprazole.

Race

Population pharmacokinetic evaluation showed no evidence of race-related differences on the pharmacokinetics of aripiprazole.

Renal impairment

In a single-dose study with oral administration of aripiprazole, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of aripiprazole and dehydro-aripiprazole were found to be similar in patients with severe renal disease compared to that in young healthy subjects.

Hepatic impairment

A single-dose study with oral administration of aripiprazole to subjects with varying degrees of liver cirrhosis (Child-Pugh Classes A, B, and C) did not reveal a significant effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of aripiprazole and dehydro-aripiprazole, but the study included only 3 patients with Class C liver cirrhosis, which is insufficient to draw conclusions on their metabolic capacity.

The toxicological profile for aripiprazole administered to experimental animals by intramuscular injection is generally similar to that seen following oral administration at comparable plasma levels. With intramuscular injection, however an inflammatory response was seen at the injection site, and consisted of granulomatous inflammation, foci (deposited active substance), cellular infiltrates, oedema (swelling) and, in monkeys, fibrosis. These effects gradually resolved with discontinuation of dosing.

Non-clinical safety data for orally administered aripiprazole reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenic potential, toxicity to reproduction and development.

Oral aripiprazole

For oral aripiprazole, toxicologically significant effects were observed only at doses or exposures that were sufficiently in excess of the maximum human dose or exposure, indicating that these effects were limited or of no relevance to clinical use. These included: dose-dependent adrenocortical toxicity in rats after 104 weeks of oral administration at approximately 3- to 10-times the mean steady-state AUC at the maximum recommended human dose and increased adrenocortical carcinomas and combined adrenocortical adenomas/carcinomas in female rats at approximately 10-times the mean steady-state AUC at the maximum recommended human dose. The highest non-tumorigenic exposure in female rats was approximately 7-times the human exposure at the recommended dose.

An additional finding was cholelithiasis as a consequence of precipitation of sulphate conjugates of hydroxy-metabolites of aripiprazole in the bile of monkeys after repeated oral dosing at 25 mg/kg/day to 125 mg/kg/day or approximately 16- to 81-times the maximum recommended human dose based on mg/m².

However, the concentrations of the sulphate conjugates of hydroxy-aripiprazole in human bile at the highest dose proposed, 30 mg per day, were no more than 6 % of the bile concentrations found in the monkeys in the 39-week study and are well below (6 %) their limits of in vitro solubility.

In repeated dose studies in juvenile rats and dogs, the toxicity profile of aripiprazole was comparable to that observed in adult animals, and there was no evidence of neurotoxicity or adverse events on development.

Based on results of a full range of standard genotoxicity tests, aripiprazole was considered non- genotoxic. Aripiprazole did not impair fertility in reproductive toxicity studies.

Developmental toxicity, including dose-dependent delayed foetal ossification and possible teratogenic effects, were observed in rats at doses resulting in sub-therapeutic exposures (based on AUC) and in rabbits at doses resulting in exposures approximately 3- and 11-times the mean steady-state AUC at the maximum recommended clinical dose. Maternal toxicity occurred at doses similar to those eliciting developmental toxicity.

Powder

Carmellose sodium

Mannitol (E421)

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate (E339)

Sodium hydroxide (E524)

Solvent

Water for injections

Not applicable

3 years

Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg powder and solvent for prolonged-release suspension for injection

The suspension should be injected immediately after reconstitution but can be stored below 25 ° C for up to 4 hours in the vial.

After reconstitution

Chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for 4 hours at 25 ° C. From a microbiological point of view, unless the method of opening/ reconstitution precludes the risk of microbial contamination, the product should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions are the responsibility of user. Do not store the reconstituted suspension in the syringe.

Do not freeze.

For storage conditions after reconstitution of the medicinal product, see section 6.3.

Vial

Type-I glass vial stoppered with a laminated rubber stopper and sealed with a flip-off aluminium cap.

Solvent

2 mL Type-I glass vial stoppered with a laminated rubber stopper and sealed with a flip-off aluminium cap.

Single pack

Each single pack containing one vial of powder, 2 mL vial of solvent, one 3 mL luer lock syringe with pre-attached 38 mm (1.5 inch) 21 gauge, hypodermic safety needle with needle protection device, one 3 mL disposable syringe with luer lock tip, one vial adapter and three hypodermic safety needles: one 25 mm (1 inch) 23 gauge, one 38 mm (1.5 inch) 22 gauge and one 51 mm (2 inch) 21 gauge.

Multipack

Bundle pack of 3 single packs.

Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

Shake the vial vigorously for at least 30 seconds until the suspension appears uniform.

If the injection is not performed immediately after reconstitution shake it vigorously for at least 60 seconds to re-suspend prior to injection.

Gluteal muscle administration

The recommended needle for gluteal administration is a 38 mm (1.5 inch), 22 gauge hypodermic safety needle; for obese patients (Body mass index > 28 kg/m²), a 51 mm (2 inch), 21 gauge hypodermic safety needle should be used. Gluteal injections should be alternated between the two gluteal muscles.

Deltoid muscle administration

The recommended needle for deltoid administration is a 25 mm (1 inch), 23 gauge hypodermic safety needle; for obese patients, a 38 mm (1.5 inch), 22 gauge hypodermic safety needle should be used.

Deltoid injections should be alternated between the two deltoid muscles.

The powder and solvent vials and the pre-filled syringe are for single-use only.

Discard vial, adapter, syringe, needles, unused suspension and water for injections appropriately.

Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.

Full instructions for use and handling of Aripiprazole Otsuka 400 mg/300 mg are provided in the package leaflet (information intended for healthcare professionals).